Aeromonas hydrophila induced necrotizing fasciitis following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Necrotizi ng fasciit is [NF] i s a m ultifaceted disease of the muscle fascia and body tissues which demands the earliest intervention. Past reviews have documented ver y few cases of Aeromonas Hydroph ila [AH] induced N F fol lo wing abdominal surgery. AH can cause fatal NF as seen in a 72 year old female patient reported at Liaquat National Hospital &Medical College; a ter tiary care center in Karachi, Pakistan on 2nd April, 2022. She had a k nown comorbidity of hypertension and presented with the chief complaint of symptomatic gallstones for which she unde rwent Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LAPCHOL). She developed NF of the lower ab domen post- oper atively. Following uneventful Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy our pati ent presented to the ER two days later with severe lower abdo minal pain and overlyi ng celluliti s. Fasc io to my revealed extensive myonecrosis with necrotizing soft tissue in fe ction. Despite u ndergoing extensive surgical debr idement and broad spectr um antibi ot ic administration; the patient died in the ICU on the fifth postoperat ive day followi ng septic complications. Histopathologica l an alysis, confirmed i nflammat ion and necrosis. Culture sensitivity of the debrided tissue revealed AH. Approach should lie towards analyzing the behaviour of such microbes in high risk patients through collective case studies. This is the first clinical case showcasing such parameters e ncountered in the General Surger y Department.

Typhidot - A blessing or a menace.

OBJECTIVES: Typhoid remain an increasing problem in Third world countries like Pakistan. A reliable, easy and affordable rapid diagnostic test is a need for our clinicians, many of whom consider Typhidot to be promising. Typhidot has been used as the only tool to diagnose typhoid fever by general practitioners and consultants despite its low sensitivity and specificity causing misdiagnosis and treatment. We therefore conducted this study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Typhidot in patients with fever. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a total of 145 febrile patients was done. Blood culture and Typhidot along with other relevant investigations had been performed in each case. Sensitivity, specificity and the association of Typhidot to the diagnosis was found using SPSS v16.0. RESULTS: Out of 145 patients, 15(10.3%) had positive blood culture for Salmonella typhi, 7 (4.8%) had positive culture for salmonella paratyphi and 94(64.8%) had positive culture for other organisms. Twenty nine (20%) patients had negative culture results. Forty seven (32.4%) patients had only IgM positive on Typhidot, 7(4.8%) had both IgM and IgG positive and 91(62.8%) had both IgM and IgG negative. Amongst the 130 patients with diseases other than typhoid, 50(38.5%) showed a positive Typhidot result. Amongst the 15 patients with typhoid, 11(73.3%) showed a negative Typhidot result. The sensitivity of Typhidot was found to be 26.7% and the specificity was 61.5%. The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 7.4% and the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was 87.9%. CONCLUSION: Even though Typhidot is rapid, easy and affordable, its use should be discouraged due to low sensitivity and specificity and insignificant (p=0.067) association to the disease.

Effects of papaya leaves on thrombocyte counts in dengue--a case report.

Dengue fever is on the rise in developing nations like India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. There is no antiviral chemotherapy or vaccine for dengue virus and management of the disease is done on supportive measures. The decline in the thrombocyte count leads to dengue haemorrhagic fever accounting for complications and mortality. Oral administration of Carica papaya leaves extract is said to have a positive impact on thrombocyte count. A 23-year-old man was administered a calculated dose for five days. Blood samples were tested for complete blood count before and after the administration of the juice. Thrombocyte count had increased from 28000/micro liter to 138000/micro liter at the end of five days. We present our experience here.

Medical students perception of their medical environment-expected versus actual perceptions--a cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the expected (perceptions of their environment at the beginning of their 1st year) versus actual perceptions (perceptions at the end of 1st year) of 1st year students at Dow University of Health Sciences. METHODS: The 'expected' perceptions of the students were recorded at the beginning of their 1st year (n = 411) of medical education when they entered the medical school using Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM). DREEM is a validated and self-administered inventory which focuses on learning, teachers, self-confidence and academic as well as social environment. The 'actual' perceptions were then recorded at the end of their first year (n = 405) of education when they had received adequate exposure of their environment. The 2 records were then compared. RESULTS: The total expected DREEM score was 118/200 and the total actual DREEM score was 113/200. The expected domain (Students' perceptions of learning, students' perceptions of teachers, students' academic self-perceptions, students' perceptions of atmosphere, and students' social self-perceptions) scores were 28/48, 26/44, 20/32, 28/48, and 16/28. The actual domain scores were 27/48, 23/44, 19/32, 27/48, 16/28. However both the actual and expected scoring displayed satisfactory environment for learning. Significant differences (p < 0.0001) were found in the two samples. CONCLUSION: In general the results displayed that the students perceived the environment positively but the significant difference found in the two samples, demonstrated that their expectations were not met.

Hepatitis patients lost to follow-up at a liver centre in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan--a cross-sectional descriptive study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the causes for loss-to-follow-up of hepatitis patients at a liver centre of a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: A representative sample of 165 patients who were lost to follow-up during 2009 to 2010 was chosen and a cross-sectional descriptive study was performed. All hepatitis patients included were screened for antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV Ab) and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HbsAg), and were tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping. Laboratory investigations, ultrasounds, personal habits, visits to hakeems and use of other alternative medications, occupations and income per month, education, and other basic information was also recorded. Those who did not return for follow-up were contacted and inquired about their reasons for loss-to-follow-up. Based on this data, the patients were categorised into four different groups according to reasons of loss to follow up: non-compliance, alternative medication, monetary issue and poor prognosis. RESULTS: The entire sample size of 165 patients who were lost to follow-up was included in the study. 14 (8.5%) patients were hepatitis B virus (HBV) positive. Of these patients, 1 (7.1%) was lost due to alternative medication and the rest (n=13; 92.9%) were lost to follow-up due to non-compliance. Amongst the 151 (91.5%) hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive patients, 2 (1.3%) were lost due to monetary issues, 17 (11.3%) were lost due to alternative medication, 4 (2.6%) were lost due to poor prognosis and 128 (84.8%) were lost due to non-compliance. CONCLUSION: This study shows that most patients were lost to follow-up due to non-compliance. It is important for physicians to design better counselling programmes to make the patient compliant enough to go through the complete treatment.

The role of children with congenital anomalies in generating parental depressive symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Many expectant parents wish to have a normal child. Unfortunately this does not always happen and some of them may have a child with birth defects leading to detrimental psychological effects on the parents. One of the common presentations generally observed is depression. The presence of depressive symptoms amongst such parents needs to be recorded to find out its prevalence. The results of such finding can help shape future programs for the prevention and treatment in this population group. This study will therefore explore the extent of depressive symptoms amongst parents of children with congenital anomalies. METHODS: A case control study design was chosen. Ethical Review Board gave approval for the study on December 31, 2010, and the collection of data was started on January 5, 2011. Two randomly chosen samples of 132 parents each were collected from National Institute of Child Health (NICH), Ida Rieu, and Civil Hospital Karachi (CHK) over 8 months. First group consisted of parents of children with congenital anomalies and the second group was chosen as the control group from general population. Zung scale was used to record the presence of depressive symptoms in these two populations. Mann-Whitney test was performed to compare the depression scores. RESULTS: The scale was completed by 132 parents in both sets. The parents of children with congenital anomalies showed greater (p < 0.0001) depressive symptoms. Mothers displayed greater (p = 0.029) depressive symptoms than fathers. CONCLUSION: The parents of children with anomalies (60.6%) had more depressive symptoms than parents of normal children (27.3%).